Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) |
SAS PROC REG |
PROC REG can include both /ACOV and /COVB options in the model statement, the latter of which requests the ordinary covariance matrix of estimates. ACOV contains robust asymptotic covariances that account for heterogeneity. |
R |
If the lm command is used for linear regression, use vcov(object) to obtain the coefficient covariance matrix. The hccm function (type="hc0") of the {car} package can be used to obtain a heteroscedasticity-corrected asymptotic covariance matrix. |
Splus |
See instructions for R above. |
SPSS |
In the "Linear Regression" window, click on the "Statistics" button. In the "Regression Coefficients" section, check the box for "Covariance matrix." The ACOV matrix will be included in the output once the regression analysis is run. In order to get variances and covariances associated with the intercept, the user must "trick" SPSS into thinking the intercept is a coefficient associated with a predictor variable. To do this, click on the "Options" button make sure the box marked "Include constant in equation" is not checked. Then create a new variable c, all of whose values are equal to 1.0. Include c as a predictor and run the regression analysis again. The variance and covariances associated with c in the ACOV matrix are those associated with the intercept term. |
Stata |
The post-estimation command estat vce can be used to obtain the variance-covariance matrix of the estimators after an estimation command such as regress. |
Hierarchical Linear / Mixed Effects / Multilevel Modeling (HLM/MLM) |
MLwiN |
In MLwiN, the asymptotic (co)variances of the fixed parameters are stored in column 1099 of the data spreadsheet, and are updated after every iteration. Those for the random parameters are stored in column 1097. The elements correspond to elements of the lower triangle of the ACOV matrix. |
SAS PROC MIXED |
Insert "COVB" on the model statement in PROC MIXED. |
HLM |
Before running the analysis, on the main menu choose Other Settings -> Output Settings and check the appropriate box. |
R |
If the lmer command is used for multilevel regression, use vcov(object) to obtain the coefficient covariance matrix. |
Splus |
See instructions for R above. |
LISREL |
Use the "OPTIONS ACM=YES;" command in the syntax. Two ascii files will be created in the default directory: filename_fixed.acm and filename_random.acm. |
SPSS |
In SPSS's "Mixed models" analysis dialog, click on the "Statistics" button. Check the box marked "Covariances of parameter estimates." If syntax is used, add the line "/PRINT = COVB ." to the end. Parameter covariances will be reported in the Output window. |
Stata |
The post-estimation command estat vce can be used to obtain the variance-covariance matrix of the estimators after an estimation command such as mixed. |
Latent Growth Curve Modeling / Latent Curve Analysis (LGM/LCA) |
AMOS |
Using the AMOS Graphics interface, specify the model as you normally would. From the "Analysis properties" menu, click on the "Output" tab. Check the box marked "Covariances of estimates." When the model is run, the ACOV matrix is reported in the output file after the parameter estimates but before model summaries. |
lavaan |
The command vcov(fit) will obtain the regular ACOV matrix. If you prefer no parameter labels, use vcov(fit, labels=FALSE). If you prefer the regular acov matrix with precise estimates (recommended), use unclass(vcov(fit)). If you call the cfa/sem/growth/lavaan functions with estimator="MLM" or "MLR", you will get the 'robust' ACOV. Or you can set the type manually by using the "se" argument. You can also switch the information matrix (from "expected" to "observed"). |
LISREL |
Using standard LISREL syntax, insert the option "EC" on the output (OU) line. The lower triangular elements of the ACOV matrix will be output to a separate file in free format in scientific notation. |
Mx |
... |
Mplus |
Request TECH3 output on the OUTPUT: line. The lower triangular elements of the ACOV matrix will be output to a separate file in free format in scientific notation. |
EQS |
... |